AMINO ACIDS PROFILE OF THREE DIFFERENT EGYPTIAN GOAT BREEDS

AMINO ACIDS PROFILE OF THREE DIFFERENT
EGYPTIAN GOAT BREEDS
Abdelhamed, W.A.1 ; M.M. El-Danasoury 1 ; S.M. El-Hamamsy1
and M.A. El-Sayed 2
1- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
2- Animal Genetic Resources Department, National Gene Bank, Agricultural Research
Center, Giza, Egypt
Key Words: Baladi and Damascus breed, Egyptian goat breeds, Amino
acid profile.
ABSTRACT
Fifteen samples of three goat breeds; Baladi (n=5), Damascus
(n=5), and Hybrid breed (Baladi-Damascus) (n=5) were used in the
study. Amino Acid Analyzer ARACUS works according to the gold
standard of post-column derivatization with ninhydrin reagent. The
essential amino acids (EAA) Methionine, Lysine, Threonine, Leucine,
Isoleucine, Valine, Phenylalanine, Tryptophan, Cysteine, Arginine, and
Histidine were 14.1, 118.5, 99.2, 29.0, 11.6, 28.6, 130.0, 68.4, 29.8, 30.0
and 760 mmol/mol, with the total of 1319.2 mmol/mol, in Baladi goat
breed, respectively. Also, in Damascus goat breed were 12.6, 114.5, 98.6,
32.1, 10.3, 39.1, 73.5, 72.0, 27.0, 28.0 and 820 mmol/mol, with the total
of 1327.7, mmol/mol respectively. While, in Hybrid (Baladi and
Damascus) goat breed recorded of 13.1, 112, 87.0, 34.0, 9.4, 45.0, 122.0,
72.0, 26.0, 28.0 and 915 mmol/mol respectively, with the total of 1463.5
mmol/mol. On other hand, the values of Non-Essential amino acids
(Non-EAA) Alanine, Aspartate, Asparagine, Glutamine, Glutamate,
Cysteine, Tyrosine, Serine, Proline, and Glycine were 194.0, 13.9, 89.0,
340.0, 27.4, 36.0, 118.0, 240.0, 18.2 and 1320 mmol/mol respectively,
with a total of 2396.5 mmol/mol in Baladi goat breed. Also, the Non-
Essential amino acids quantitative in Damascus goat breed recorded that
180.0, 14.2, 88.0, 312.6, 21.0, 25.0, 110, 210, 16.5, and 1200 mmol/mol
with the total of 2093.8 mmol/mol respectively. Finally, in Hybrid
(Baladi and Damascus) goat breed were 230.0, 14.8, 88.0, 325.0, 21.0,
27.0, 120, 200, 13.0 and 1055 mmol/mol respectively, with the total of
2177.3 mmol/mol.
The three goat breeds revealed wide of differences between
individual essential amino acids profile.
INTRODUCTION
Goat as a major livestock species distributed throughout the world,
provide ample meat, milk and fiber especially for human consumption in
developing countries of Asia and Africa (Aziz 2010 and Amills et al.,
2017). To date, domestic goats have evolved into many distinct breeds
(e.g. dairy, meat, and fiber breeds), mostly as a result of artificial long-
Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 35 (12) 2020 261-271
term selection. This selection, in turn, could have left genetic footprints
in the goat genome, reflecting a phenotypic evolution driven by various
breeding goals or adaptation to local environments (Guo et al., 2018).
Protein are found in all living organisms, Protein also account for
more than 50 percent of the dry weight of cells and are present in greater
quantities than any other biomolecule. Protein have the advantage of
maintaining the interactions that occurs within biological systems
(Whitford, 2005). The main target of farm animal husbandry is the
processing of proteins for human consumption, research methods to
investigate proteins play a major role in the science of farm animals and
meat (D’Alessandro and Zolla, 2013).
Goat meat also provides a high quality protein; skeletal muscle is a
good source of all essential amino acids (Moawad et al., 2013). Amino
acids are vital nutrients for growth and maintenance of health in humans
(Hejtmánková et al., 2012). In addition, the amino acid profile is most
important in terms of the indispensable amino acids (Anaeto et al.,
2010).
Amino acids have enormous physiological importance, serving as
building blocks for proteins and substrates for synthesis of low
molecular-weight substances, Based on growth or nitrogen balance,
Amino acids were traditionally classified as nutritionally essential or
nonessential for animals (Wu et al., 2014).
Analysis of amino acids is a classic and well-documented commonuse
process. Since almost all amino acids do not have chromophore
groups, several analytical techniques focusing on derivatization
chemistry and the subsequent separation of these derivatives have been
established by Kato and Takatsu (2019). Amino acid composition is
among the essential indices of meat product nutritional composition (Lei
et al., 2020).
The aim of this study was to evaluate, investigate and characterize
different relationships between of three Egyptian goat breeds (Baladi,
Damascus and Hybrid breeds) using of amino acids profile.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
1. Ethical assent
During the collection of blood samples from goats, attention was
paid to minimizing pain to the animals and all collection of samples were
done in compliance with the guidelines defined by the International
Animal Ethics Committee and the prevailing local laws.
2. Blood samples collections
Fifteen samples of three goat breeds; Baladi (n=5), Damascus
(n=5), and Hybrid breed (Baladi-Damascus) (n=5) were used in this
study. The blood samples were collected from (Baladi, Damascus, and
Hybrid) goat breeds in two tubes; Frist tube containing 0.5 ml from
262 Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 35 (12) 2020
EDTA (0.5 M) as an anticoagulant matter (blood plasma), and the second
tube containing only fresh blood without material (blood serum).
3. Extract of Blood plasma and serum
Blood plasma and serum were extracted obtained by centrifugation
at 14000 rpm for 10 minutes at 4 ºC thin the blood plasma and serum
were transferred to new tubes and stored at -20 ºC.
5. Amino acids quantitative assay
Quantitative estimation of amino acids in blood serum samples
were analyzed for the three Egyptian local goat breeds (Baladi,
Damascus, and Hybrid).
 Amino Acid Analyzer (ARACUS):
Amino Acid Analyzer ARACUS works according to the gold
standard of post-column derivatization with ninhydrin (Macchi et al.,
2000), detection at 440 nm and 570 nm using maintenance-free LED
photometers, Autosampler, Reactor temperature (20- 130 °C), Detection
limit < 2 nmol/mL and Ready to use kits.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
There are more than 700 amino acids in nature, but only 20 of them
(alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartate, cysteine, glutamate, glutamine,
glycine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine,
proline, serine, tyrosine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine) are building
blocks for proteins in cells (Wu, 2013).
1. Quantitative determination of amino acids
This study was conducted for a group of amino acids on three
breeds of Egyptian local breed’s goat, which are Baladi, Damascus and
Hybrid (Baladi and Damascus) goat breeds with the aim of
distinguishing, identifying and characterizing these breeds from each
other through their quantity or content of amino acids in them.
2.1. Essential Amino Acids
a) Baladi goat breed
The essential amino acids in the Baladi goat breed were
Methionine, Lysine, Threonine, Leucine, Isoleucine, Valine,
Phenylalanine, Tryptophan, Cysteine, Arginine, and Histidine
respectively. While Abbreviation this amino acids were Met, Lys, Thr,
Leu, I le, Val, Phe, Trp, Cys, Arg and His, respectively as shown in table
(1) and figures (1 and 2). Essential amino acids quantitative 14.1, 118.5,
99.2, 29.0, 11.6, 28.6, 130.0, 68.4, 29.8, 30.0 and 760 mmol/mol were
recorded respectively. Total essential amino acids (EAA) were 1319.2
mmol/mol and the largest amino acids quantitative was found at
Histidine (His) (760 mmol/mol) and the smallest at Isoleucine (I le) (11.6
mmol/mol). Moawad et al., (2013) revealed that, among 17 amino acids
identified in Baladi goat LD muscles protein, glutamic acid is present in
the highest amounts. Also, Rafiq et al., (2016) Investigation revealed
Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 35 (12) 2020 263
that leucine was the major amino acid in casein while lysine was second
among all essential amino acids, Leucine plays a distinct role in protein
metabolism and the translation initiation pathway of muscle protein
synthesis.
b) Damascus goat breed
Fractionation of the essential amino acids of Met, Lys, Thr, Leu, I
le, Val, Phe, Trp, Cys, Arg and His, quantitative in Damascus goat breed
were 12.6, 114.5, 98.6, 32.1, 10.3, 39.1, 73.5, 72.0, 27.0, 28.0 and 820
mmol/mol, respectively. Total essential amino acids (EAA) were 1327.7
mmol/mol and the largest amino acids quantitative was found at
Histidine (His) (820 mmol/mol) and the smallest at Isoleucine (I le) (10.3
mmol/mol), this result as shown in table (1) and Figures (1 and 2).
Hejtmánková et al., (2012) stated the total essential amino acids made
approximately 40% of the total amino acids in the goat and sheep. While,
Anaeto et al., (2010) reported that the usual limiting amino acids in
various diets in various areas of the world are lysine, total sulphur amino
acids, threonine, and tryptophan and these are present in meat.
c) Hybrid (Baladi and Demusces) goat breed
The essential amino acids of Met, Lys, Thr, Leu, I le, Val, Phe,
Trp, Cys, Arg, and His, quantitative in Hybrid (Baladi and Damascus)
goat breed recorded that 13.1, 112, 87.0, 34.0, 9.4, 45.0, 122.0, 72.0,
26.0, 28.0 and 915 mmol/mol respectively, Total essential amino acids
(EAA) were 1463.5 mmol/mol and the largest essential amino acids
quantitative was found at Histidine (His) (915 mmol/mol) and the
smallest at Isoleucine (I le) (9.4 mmol/mol), this results as shown in table
(1) and Figures (1 and 2). Ferreira, (2004) abstracted that the essential
amino acids composition of the components differed from the whole
empty body concentration. Therefore, the average essential amino acids
composition EAA/100 g crude protein) for goats was as follows: 5.65
arginine; 2.69 histidine; 2.94 isoleucine; 7.86 leucine; 6.83 lysine; 1.83
methionine; 3.04 phenylalanine; 5.55 threonine; 4.86 valine, this
composition can serve as the ideal EAA requirements for growth in meat
and milk goats.
The three goat breeds revealed wide variations of differences
between individual essential amino acids profile. Methinoine, Lysine,
Threonine, Isoleucine, Phenylalanine, Cysteine and Arginine amino acids
(14.1, 118.5, 99.2, 11.6, 130.0, 29.2 and 30.0 mmol/mol) with essential
amino acids highest in Baladi breed. While, Leucine, Valine, Tryptophan
and Histidine amino acids (29.0, 28.6, 68.4 and 760 mmol/mol) with
essential amino acids lowest in Baladi breed. On the other hand
Methinoine and Phenylalanine amino acids (12.6 and 73.0 mmol/mol)
with essential amino acids lowest in Damascus breed. Furthermore,
Leucine, Valine and Histidine amino acids (34.0, 45.0 and 915
264 Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 35 (12) 2020
mmol/mol) with essential amino acids were highest in the Hybrid breed.
While, Lysine, Threonine, Isoleucine and Cysteine amino acids (112,
87.0, 9.4 and 26.0 mmol/mol) with essential amino acids lowest in
Hybrid breed, Tryptophan and Arginine amino acids (72.0 and 28.0
mmol/mol) with essential amino acids highest in Damascus and Hybrid
breeds as shown in table (1) and figure (1).
Table (1): Essential Amino Acids (EAA) in three goat breeds.
No
Amino Acids
mmol/mol
Abbreviation Baladi breed Demusces breed Hybrid breed
1 Methionine Met 14.1 12.6 13.1
2 Lysine Lys 118.5 114.5 112
3 Threonine Thr 99.2 98.6 87.0
4 Leucine Leu 29.0 32.1 34.0
5 Isoleucine I le 11.6 10.3 9.4
6 Valine Val 28.6 39.1 45.0
7 Phenylalanine Phe 130.0 73.5 122.0
8 Tryptophan Trp 68.4 72.0 72.0
9 Cysteine Cys 29.8 27.0 26.0
10 Arginine Arg 30.0 28.0 28.0
11 Histidine His 760 820 915
Total EAA amino acids 1319.2 1327.7 1463.5
Figure (1): Essential amino acids in three goat breeds.
Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 35 (12) 2020 265
Figure (2): Total Essential amino acid in three goat breeds.
2.2. Non-essential amino acids
a) Baladi goat breed
The Non-Essential amino acids in the Baladi goat breed were
Alanine, Aspartate, Asparagine, Glutamine, Glutamate, Cysteine,
Tyrosine, Serine, Proline and Glycine respectively. While Abbreviation
these amino acids were Ala, Asp, Aspx, Glu, Glux, Cys, Tyr, Ser, Pro
and Gly, respectively. Non-Essential amino acids quantitative were
194.0, 13.9, 89.0, 340.0, 27.4, 36.0, 118.0, 240.0, 18.2 and 1320
mmol/mol, respectively. Total Non-Essential amino acids (Non-EAA)
were 2396.5 mmol/mol and the largest Non-Essential amino acids
quantitative was found at Glycine (Gly) (1320 mmol/mol) and the
smallest at Aspartate (Asp) (13.9 mmol/mol) (Table 2 and figures 3 and
4). Sabahelkheir et al., (2012) reported that the glutamic acid was the
major non-essential amino acid in five species human, camel, cow, goat
and sheep milk are characterized by low content of Arginine and high
content of leucine, isoleucine and valine except milk of goat has a low
content in isoleucine.
b) Damascus goat breed
The Non-Essential amino acids of Ala, Asp, Aspx, Glu, Glux, Cys,
Tyr, Ser, Pro and Gly quantitative in Damascus goat breed recorded that
180.0, 14.2, 88.0, 312.6, 21.0, 25.0, 110, 210, 16.5 and 1200 mmol/mol,
respectively. Total Non-Essential amino acids (Non-EAA) were 2093.8
266 Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 35 (12) 2020
mmol/mol and the largest Non-Essential amino acids quantitative was
found at Glycine (Gly) (1200 mmol/mol) and the smallest at Aspartate
(Asp) (14.2 mmol/mol), the results as shown in table (2) and figures (3
and 4). Landi et al., (2016) reported that glutamic acid was by far the
most abundant among the free amino acids (about 40.90, 34.66, and
45.76% in water buffalo), the alanine content was also quite abundant in
the three different samples. Among the free amino acids, glycine,
arginine, and asparagine were highly present, in descending order (≥2 mg
for 100 g).
c) Hybrid (Baladi and Demusces) goat breed
Non-Essential amino acids of Ala, Asp, Aspx, Glu, Glux, Cys, Tyr,
Ser, Pro and Gly quantitative in Hybrid (Baladi and Damascus) goat
breed were 230.0, 14.8, 88.0, 325.0, 21.0, 27.0, 120, 200, 13.0 and 1055
mmol/mol, respectively. Total Non-Essential amino acids (Non-EAA)
were 2177.3 mol/mol, and the largest Non-Essential amino acids
quantitative was found at Glycine (Gly) (1055 mmol/mol) and the
smallest at Proline (Pro) (13.0 mmol/mol) as shown in table (2) and
Figures (3 and 4). Salem et al., (2009) showed that glutamic and leucine
are the major amino acid in whole casein, while methionine and glycine
are the minor amino acids. Rafiq et al., (2016) obtained that the nonessential
amino acids, the glutamic acid content was highest in both
casein and whey proteins, However the buffalo (367 mg/g) and goat (359
mg/g) whey proteins have maximum glutamic acid concentration as
compared to casein, The goat casein (144 mg/g) and camel whey proteins
(129 mg/g) represented good content of proline. Amino acids obtained
are distributed evenly to the types of essential and non- essential amino
acids. Ongole crossbreed beef content a better amino acids profile than
others, the beef appears to have higher contents of leucine, lysine and
arginine of the essential category (Susanto et al., 2019).
The variations of differences between individual Non-essential
amino acids profile in the three goat breeds. Asparagine, Glutamine,
Glutamate, Cysteine, Serine, Proline and Glycine amino acids (89.0,
340.0, 27.4, 36.0, 240.0, 18.2 and 1320 mmol/mol) with Non-essential
amino acids highest in Baladi breed. While Aspartate amino acid (13.9
mmol/mol) with Non-essential amino acids lowest in Baladi breed.
Furthermore Alanine, Glutamine, Cysteine and Tyrosine amino acids
(180, 312.6, 25.0, and 110 mmol/mol) with Non-essential amino acids
lowest in Damascus breed. On the other hand, Alanine, Aspartate and
Tyrosine amino acids (230.0, 14.8 and 120 mmol/mol) with Nonessential
amino acids highest in the Hybrid breed. While, Serine, Proline
and Glycine amino acids (200, 13.0 and 1055 mmol/mol) with Nonessential
amino acids lowest in the Hybrid breed. Also, Asparagine and
Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 35 (12) 2020 267
Glutamate amino acids (88.0 and 21.0 mmol/mol) with Non-essential
amino acids highest in Damascus and Hybrid breed.
Table (2): Non-Essential Amino Acids in three goat breeds.
No
Amino Acids
mmol/mol
Abbreviation Baladi breed
Damascus
breed
Hybrid breed
1 Alanine Ala 194.0 180.0 230.0
2 Aspartate Asp 13.9 14.2 14.8
3 Asparagine Aspx 89.0 88.0 88.0
4 Glutamine Glu 340.0 312.6 325.0
5 Glutamate Glux 27.4 21.0 21.0
6 Cysteine Cys 36,0 25.0 27.0
7 Tyrosine Tyr 118.0 110 120
8 Serine Ser 240.0 210 200
9 Proline Pro 18.2 16.5 13.0
10 Glycine Gly 1320 1200 1055
Total Non-EAA amino acids 2396.5 2093.8 2177.3
Figure (3): Non-Essential amino acids in three goat breeds.
268 Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 35 (12) 2020
Figure (4): Total Non-Essential amino acid in three goat breeds.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, Amino acids profile obtained are distributed evenly
to the types of essential and Non-essential amino acids. The total
essential amino acids highest was 1463.5, mmol/mol with hybrid goat
breeds. While, lowest was 1319.2, mmol/mol in the Baladi goat breed.
Furthermore, the total Non-essential amino acids highest was 2396.5,
mmol/mol with Baladi goat breeds. While, lowest was 2093.8, mmol/mol
in the Damascus goat breed. This investigation recorded variations of
differences between individual essential and Non-essential amino acids
profile in the three goat breeds. Conventional goat meat breeds are part of
the cultures of many countries, and many of them must be better studied
and characterized as a way to preserve and protect them. Finally, we
must think and take advantage of the new developments in amino acids,
biochemistry, and nutrition to conserve animal production worldwide.
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الاحماض الامينية لثلاثة سلالات مختلفة من الماعز المصرية
، وليد عبدالحميدعبدالفتاح 1، محمد مبروک الدناصورى 1
سام محمد امين الحمامصى 1، محمد احمد السيد 2
-1 قسم الکيمياء الحيوية الز ا رعية- کمية الز ا رعة - جامعة الأزھر- القاهرة مصر
-2 قسم الموارد الو ا رثية الحيوانية-البنک القومي لمجينات-مرکز البحوث الز ا رعية-الجيزة مصر
فى هذه الد ا رسة تم استخدام خمسة عشر عينة من ثلاث سلالات من الماعز ؛ الماعز
البمدى ) 5 عينات( ، الدمشقى ) 5 عينات( والسلالة الهجينة )بمدي دمشقى( ) 5 عينات(. تم
gold standard of post- بإستخدام طريقة ARACUS تحميل الاحماض الامينية بجهاز ال
)EAA( بواسطة کاشف الننهيدرين. الأحماض الأمينية الأساسية column derivatization
ميثيونين ، ليسين ، ثريونين ، لوسين ، آيزوليوسين ، فالين ، فينيل ألانين ، تريبتوفان ، سيستين
، 28.6 ، 11.6 ، 29.0 ، 99.2 ، 118.5 ، ، أرجينين ، وهستيدين کانت بترکيز 14.1
30.0 و 760 مميمول / مول عمى التوالى بترکيز إجمالي بمغ ، 29.8 ، 68.4 ، 130.0
1319.2 مميمول / مول في سلالة الماعز البمدي. کذلک في سلالة الماعز الدمشقى بمغ ترکيز
الاحماض الامينية الاساسية 12.6 و 114.5 و 98.6 و 32.1 و 10.3 و 39.1 و 73.5
و 72.0 و 27.0 و 28.0 و 820 مميمول / مول عمى التوالي بإجمالي 1327.7 مميمول /
مول. بينما سجمت سلالة الماعز الهجين )البمدي والدمشقى( 13.1 و 112 و 87.0 و 34.0
و 9.4 و 45.0 و 122.0 و 72.0 و 26.0 و 28.0 و 915 مممول / مول عمى التوالي
Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 35 (12) 2020 271
بإجمالي 1463.5 مممول / مول. من ناحية أخرى ، الأحماض الأمينية غير الأساسية الألانين
، الأسبارتات ، الأسبا ا رجين ، الجموتامين ، الجموتامات ، السيستين ، التيروزين ، السيرين ،
، 36.0 ، 27.4 ، 340.0 ، 89.0 ، 13.9 ، البرولين ، والجميسين کانت بترکيز 194.0
18.2 و 1320 مميمول / مول عمى التوالي ، بإجمالي 2396.5 ، 240.0 ، 118.0
مميمول/ مول في سلالة الماعز البمدي. کما سجمت الأحماض الأمينية غير الأساسية في سلالة
ماعز الدمشقى 180.0 و 14.2 و 88.0 و 312.6 و 21.0 و 25.0 و 110 و 210 و
16.5 و 1200 مميمول / مول بإجمالي 2093.8 مميمول / مول عمى التوالي. أخي اً ر في
سلالات الماعز الهجين )البمدي والدمشقى( کانت بترکيز 230.0 و 14.8 و 88.0 و 325.0
و 21.0 و 27.0 و 120 و 200 و 13.0 و 1055 مميمول / مول عمى التوالي بإجمالي
2177.3 ميممول / مول. کشفت سلالات الماعز الثلاثة عن مجموعة واسعة من الاختلافات
بين الأحماض الأمينية الأساسية الفردية.