EFFECT OF TRICKLE IRRIGATION AND SALICYLIC ACID APPLICATIONS ON QUALITY AND PRODUCTIVITY OF Pelargonium graveolens PLANT

EFFECT OF TRICKLE IRRIGATION AND SALICYLIC
ACID APPLICATIONS ON QUALITY AND
PRODUCTIVITY OF Pelargonium graveolens PLANT
Gehan, G. Abdel-Ghany and Wafaa H. Abd El-Aleem
Desert Rresearch center, Mataria, Cairo, Egypt.
Key Words: Geranium - Pelargonium graveolens - Trickle irrigation
system- water quantities -spray with salicylic acid-WUE
ABSTRACT
The field work was carried out at El Qantara Research Station,
Desert Research Center, North Sinai Governorate through the two
successive seasons , 2016-2017 and 2017-2018. A split-plot design with
three replicates as statistical design was used. on geranium (Pelargonium
graveolens) to investigate the effect of three irrigation levels (10, 15 and
20 m3/fed)throw trickle irrigation system and spraying with salicylic acid
in four concentrations; (0 , 25 , 50 and 75 mg/l);and their interactions on
actual evapotranspiration , WUE, herb fresh weight/plant (g), herb fresh
weight /fed (kg), essential oil percentage in the fresh herb, essential oil
yield ml/plant, essential oil yield l/fed.-l and essential oil chemical
analyses for two successive seasons. Results showed that, the
significantly highest for all parameters were obtained when irrigation by
20 m3/fed, combined with foliar spray with salicylic acid at 75 mg/l
followed by15 m3/fed, combined with foliar sprays with salicylic acid at
75 mg/l . Meanwhile, the significantly lowest values for all parameters
were detected by the treatment of irrigation by 10 m3/fed, without foliar
spray with salicylic acid; (The control treatment). Chemical composition
of volatile oils showed that both of geraniol and citronellol were the
principal components of the oil.
INTRODUCTION
Pelargonium graveolens (Geraniaceae family) is a perennial
herbaceous plant, commonly known as rose geranium is one of more than
250 species within the Pelargonium genus (grows in South Africa) up to 1
meter high introduced and cultivated widely (Algeria, Morocco,
Madagascar, Réunion, Russia, China, Egypt and Guinea) with hairy shrub
leaves, toothed at the edges and small tinged purple, flowers (Shawi et al.,
2006). Geranium is one of the important medicinal and aromatic plants
produces the main commercial oil of geranium in the world with a rose
fragrance Pitman , 2004 and Groom, 2012 Geranium oil is obtained by
water distillation of the leaves , is like rose oil in its odour and has positive
benefits such as antibacterial , antifungal and antioxidant activities and is
used as anti-inflammatory ,antidepressant, anti-hoemorrhagic, anticancer,
insomnia, heart disease, antiseptic, astringent, asthma, nausea
Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 35 (5) 2020 63-74
cicatrisantdeodant, vomiting, diuretic, haemostatic, fever, stimulant (adrenal
cortex), tuberculosis, tonic vermifuge, vulnerary, mosquito repellent, antiinflammatory,
, antiseptic, calmative and balancing for theendocrine system.
Oil is also included in the industries pilot or dough in the treatment of some
skin diseases to resist bacteria or fungi when used externally, as it is useful
in gastric colic , expulsion of gases and bloating as it is a nerve agent, It is
also used as a fragrant component in all kinds of cosmetics (Aggarwal et al,
2000; Saraswathi et al, 2011, Galea and Hancu, 2014) Geranium oil has
many uses in fragrances and flavorings This is due to the strong odor in the
production of liquid and concentrated essence for many food products such
as yogurt, jelly and sweets (Saraswathi et al, 2011).The distilled water
produced by the distillation process may be used in household sweets called
the essence of sour. Presently, the oil enters the volatile oil produced from
the green grass, It is used in industries of producing many perfumes, odors
and various cosmetics, whether liquid or dry in the form of powders or
creams. It also enters as a pink odor in the manufacture of soap and toilet
paper. The percentage of essential oils(0.05-0.08%) contains the volatile oil
of geranium plant as a chemical constituents Such as. geraniol (26.51-
31.39%), citronellol (14.62-21.95%), geranyl butyrate(9.99-1.60%), linalol
(6.17-5.67%),10-epic-eudesmol (8.91--%), geranyl formate (3.30-6.13%),
dodecanol (2.72-5.79%), cis-linalool oxide (2.26-4.65%) according to
Cavar, and Maksimovi, (2012). Nowadays, It is cultivated in large areas in
BeniSuef Governorate and Bahariya Oases.
Irrigation water requirements and sensitivity to water deficits when
growing geranium plants is a great interest for horticultural producers
whewever planning irrigation strategies. The effect of different deficit
irrigation strategies on physiological and morphological parameters must be
studied to evaluate how such strategies can be safely used. Concerning the
effect of irrigation, Abd El-Kafee et al (2014) 0n pelargonium graveolens
mentioned that irrigation three times every week gave the highest values of
all vegetative growth parameters, essential oil contents and chemical
composition (N, P and carbohydrates %) followed by two times/week,
during four cuts of two seasons. Hassan (2007) recorded that increasing of
water irrigation amount from 560 to 2240 m3 /fed/season resulted in
significant increase in plant height, number of branches and fresh and dry
weights in roselle plant. The tallest plant resulted from using 1680 m3 /fed.
treatment for three seasons, respectively. These results coincided with those
obtained by Bhan et al., 2006; Juliani et al., 2006; Nozipho et al., 2006
and Dyubeni et al., 2012 who reported that, quantity and chemical
composition of geranium oil is largely affected by trickle irrigation and
salicylic acid Applications which organizes many physiological processes,
including induction of syphilis, regulation of ion absorption, hormonal
balance, stomatal motion and photosynthesis. In addition, salicylic acid
64 Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 35 (5) 2020
plays an important role in regulating plant response to heat stress conditions,
by increasing the efficiency of the enzymatic and non-enzyme defense
systems and increasing the synthesis of some thermal shock proteins, amino
acids and other positive effects under heat stress conditions. Due to climate
changes and environmental stresses on the plant leading to crop shortage
(El-Hakem, 2008), it was necessary to look for natural materials as
synthetic one such as salicylic acid and study the effects that
reduceenvironmental stresses beside studying the optimum and economical
irrigation rates to obtain the highest yield conforming to quality
specifications. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Trickle
Irrigation and salicylic acid applications on the vegetative growth and oil
production of Pelargonium graveolens L`Her. under Sinai conditions.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The present study was conducted at El Qantara Research Station
(latitude 31o 3\ N and longitude 32o 36\ E), Desert Research Center,
North Sinai Governorate through the two successive seasons of 2017-
2018 and 2018-2019. Pelargonium graveolens transplants were
cultivated in the field on the October 20th in rows 75 cm apart with
distances of 50 cm between hills. The drip irrigation system was applied
in the whole experiment.Soil physical and chemical properties of the
studied area are shown in Table (A) according to (Chapman and Pratt,
1971). The chemical analysis of irrigation water is shown in Table (B).
Table (A). Some physical and chemical properties of the
experimental soil.
Particle size
distribution
(%)
Texture
class
EC ds/m
pH
soil
paste
O.M%
CaCO3
%
Soluble ions (mmol/l) Available
nutrients
(mg/kg)
Cations Anions
Sand Silt Clay Ca++ Mg++ Na+ K+ CO3
- - HCO3
- SO4
- - Cl- N P K
86.2 5.7 8.1 Sand 3.82 8.02 56 8.82 8.2 12.4 16.85 0.75 - 5.4 19.9 12.9 36.4 3.65 144
Table (B). Chemical analysis of irrigation water.
Samples pH E.C. (ds/m) SAR
Soluble cations (mmol/l) Soluble anions (mmol/l)
Ca++ Mg++ Na+ K+ CO3
-- HCO3
- SO4
= Cl-
1 st. season 8.26 1.76 5.2 3.4 3.7 9.8 0.7 0.2 6.4 2.4 8.6
2nd. season 8.3 1.8 4.48 3.53 3.35 10.67 0.45 0.5 4.3 4.1 9.1
pH: Acidity, E.C.: Electrical conductivity, dSm-1: decSiemen per meter,
S.A.R: Sodium adsorption ratio, me/l: mille equivalent per liter
A split-plot design with three replicates as statistical design was
used. The main plot werecontained three irrigation quantities (i) 10 (ii)
15 and (iii) 20 m3/fed. The subplots consisted of spraying with salicylic
acid with three concentrations (ii) 25 (iii) 50 (iv) 75 mg/l in addition to
the control treatment 0 mg/l. The leafy branches of geranium were cut on
20th of June and numerous parameters were measured as follows:
Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 35 (5) 2020 65
1- Herb fresh weight/plant (g).
2- Essential oil percentage was estimated in the fresh herb according to
British Pharmacopeia (1963).
3- Essential oil yield/plant (ml) = oil% x herb fresh weight /100
4- Essential oil yield/fed. (l) = oil yield per plant × plant number / fedd.
5- Essential oil chemical analyses: The essential oil samples of the
second season were analyzed by using the Gas-Liquid
Chromatography, (GLC)Apparatus.
6- Water consumptive use was calculated using the following equation
CU=((M2-M1)×dp×D)÷100
Where:
CU = Consumptive use (mm). Such CU is an estimate of actual
evapotranspiration of the crop i.e. actual ET crop.
D = Depth (in mm) of the irrigated soil under consideration.
dp = Bulk density (g/cm3) of the soil in the relevant soil depth.
M2 = Percentage of moisture in soil (w/w) following maximum irrigation
within the relevant soil depth.
M1 = Percentage of soil moisture (w/w) before next irrigation (within the
relevant depth).
soil moisture content was gravimetrically determined for 3 depths; 0-20,
20-40 and 40-60 cm, immediately before and after 1 day of irrigation.
The actual evapotranspiration (ETa) for each stage as well as for the total
season were determined, according to (Israelson and Hansen, 1962).
7- Crop Water Use Efficiency (WUE), kg/mm was calculated by
dividing the crop yield by the amount of seasonal evapotranspiration
(Giriappa, 1983).
Data were analyzed means were compared by L.S.D according to
)Snedecor, and Cochran (1990(.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Data of the effect of irrigation amounts, foliarspray with salicylic
acid and their interaction on yield are represented in Table (1).
Concerning the effect of irrigation amounts, data showed that,
increasing irrigation amounts significantly increased herb fresh weight
per plant, herb fresh weight per fed essential oil percentage, essential oil
yield per plant and essential oil yield per fed. The maximum values were
obtained by irrigation at 20 m3/fed followed by 15 m3/fed. On the
opposite, the lowest values were obtained by irrigation at 103m/fed.
These results were achived in accidence by Abd El-Wahab
(2002) and Abd El-Kafeeet al., (2014) who found that herb fresh weight
and volatile oil yield of Pelargonium graveolens were gradually
increased with increasing of water supply.
66 Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 35 (5) 2020
As for the effect of foliar spray with salicylic acid, data revealed
that increasing concentration of salicylic acid significantly increased herb
fresh weight per plant, essential oil percentage, essential oil yield per
plant as well as essential oil yield per fed.The best parameters were
obtained by using the highest concentration of 75 mg/l. Salt stress and
dehydration degrade plant health and salt tolerance of plants is a complex
phenomenon that involves morphological and developmental as well as
physiological and biochemical processes . Plant stress can be decreased
by application of salicylic acid, which acts as an endogenous signal
molecular responsible for inducing a biotic stress tolerance in plants.
They emphasized that exogenous application of salicylic acid increased
plant growth (Bastam et al.,2013) The stimulatry effect of salicylic acid
on the productivity of plants may be due to its role in affecting leaf and
chloroplast structure, stomata closure, chlorophyll and carotenoids
contents and activity of enzymes. Salicylic acid has an essential function
in regulating plant developmental processes that affect nutrient uptake
and their status. Also, it improves photosynthesis, growth and various
other physiological and biochemical characteristics in stressed plants
.Also salicylic acid alienates the oxidative damaging effect of metal
toxicity directly by acting as an antioxidant to rake the reactive oxygen
species and by activating the antioxidant systems of plants and indirectly
by reducing uptake of metals from their medium of growth. (Hayat et al.,
2013 and Wani et al., 2017). These results were in agreement with those
reported by Hesami et al., (2012) on Coriandrum sativum; Abdul Qados
(2015) on Capsicum annuum and Shekofteh et al., (2015) on Plantago
ovata
With respect to the effect of the interaction between treatments,
the significantly highest parameters were obtained by irrigation amount
of 20 m3/fed. combined with foliar spray with salicylic acid at the highest
concentration (75 mg/l ), which recorded the percentages of increases
(14.06%) fresh weight per plant, (14.06%) herb fresh weight per fed
(14.29%) essential oil percentage, (29.91%) essential oil yield per plant
(29.92%) and essential oil yield per fed lower than control .On the other
side, the lowest parameters were detected by the treatment of irrigation at
10 m3/fed. without foliar spray with salicylic acid as a control
treatment.Chemical composition of volatile oils showed that both of
citronellol and geraniol were the principal components of the oil (Table
2). These results were in harmony with (Abd El-Wahab, (2002);
Kazemi and Shirzadeh, 2012 and Khalil et al., (2018).
Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 35 (5) 2020 67
From the preceding data, it was clear that applying salicylic acid
could be effective an increasing the growth and oil yield of geranium
under the existing climate change environments which degrade plant
yield.
Table 1: Effect of irrigation levels, salicylic acid concentrations and
their interaction on yield attributesof Pelargonium
graveolens during both successive seasons of 2017-2018 and
2018-2019.
Irrigation
Levels
Salicylic acid
Concentrations
Herb fresh
weight/plant
(g)
Herb fresh
weight/fed
(ton)
Essential
oil
(%)
Essential oil
yield/plant
(ml)
Essential oil
yield/fed.
(l)
10 m3/fed.
0 mg/l 1294.20 14.50 0.05 0.65 7.28
25 mg/l 1313.11 14.71 0.05 0.66 7.39
50 mg/l 1346. 30 15.08 0.06 0.81 9.07
75 mg/l 1394.01 15.61 0.07 0.98 10.98
Mean 1333.77 14.94 0.06 0.78 8.68
15 m3/fed.
0 mg/l 1328.40 14.88 0.06 0.80 8.96
25 mg/l 1492.13 16.71 0.07 1.05 11.76
50 mg/l 1607.21 18.00 0.07 1.13 12.66
75 mg/l 1653.05 18.51 0.08 1.32 14.78
Mean 1520.20 17.03 0.07 1.08 12.04
20 m3/fed.
0 mg/l 1664.14 18.64 0.07 1.17 13.10
25 mg/l 1818.21 20.36 0.07 1.27 14.22
50 mg/l 1846.21 20.68 0.07 1.29 14.45
75 mg/l 1898.13 21.26 0.08 1.52 17.02
Mean 1806.67 20.23 0.07 1.31 14.70
Over all
means of
salicylic acid
concentration
0 mg/l 1428.91 16.00 0.06 0.87 9.78
25 mg/l 1541.15 17.26 0.06 0.99 11.12
50 mg/l 1599.91 17.92 0.07 1.08 12.06
75 mg/l 1648.40 18.46 0.08 1.27 14.26
LSD at 0.05
Irrigation amounts
Salicylic acid concentrations
Interaction
10.08
11.64
20.17
1.1
1.25
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.11
0.12
0.17
1.23
1.36
2.46
Data of the influence of the interaction between treatments on
chemical constituents of Pelargonium graveolens volatile oil are
presented in Table (2). The primary identified compounds of the
produced geranium oil under Baloza region, North Sinai were as follows:
- geraniol (31.39-26.51%), citronellol (21.95-14.62%), geranyl butyrate
(9.99-1.60%), 10-epic-eudesmol (8.91-0%), linalool (6.17-5.67%),
geranylformate (6.13-3.30%), dodecanol (5.79-2.72%), cis-linalool oxide
(4.65-2.26%), phenyl tiglate (1.70-0%), geranyltiglate (1.37-0%), geranyl
acetate (1.19-0.26%), and ethyl decanoate (1.45-1.18%). These observed
compounds were in a general trend with oil analyses results of Abd El-
Wahab (2002) and Abd El-Wahab et al., (2016) who successfully
cultivated rose geranium plants at El-Maghra as well as El-QantaraSharq
regions, North Siani Governorate.
68 Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 35 (5) 2020
Citronellol and geraniol mixture (rhodinol) is very important and
is responsible for the rose aroma of geranium oil; it is used in perfumes,
flavors, pharmaceutical and other essential industries. The same table
showed that the agriculture treatments positively influenced on volatile
oil active constituents as the treatment of the highest irrigation level of 20
m3/fed. combined with foliar spray with the highest salicylic acid
concentration at 75 mg/l gave the superior citronellol and geraniol
concentrations over control treatment (lowest irrigation level of 10
m3/fed.without foliar spray with salicylic acid). The promotive effects of
increasing both irrigation and salicylic acid levels may be attributed to
their role of improving photosynthesis and consequently increasing of the
secondary metabolites production (Wani et al., 2017).
Table (2): Effect of the interaction between treatments on chemical
composition (%) of volatile oil
Compound
Irrigation of 10
m3/fed.
without foliar spray
with salicylic acid
Irrigation of 15
m3/fed.
without foliar spray
with salicylic acid
Irrigation of 20 m3/fed.
+
foliar spray with salicylic acid
at concentration of 75 mg/l
1- α-Pinene 0.22 o.21 0.18
2- Camphene 0.25 0.31 0.34
3- β-pinene 0.31 o.33 0.31
4- p-Cymene 0.39 0.29 0.24
5- cis-Linalool oxide 2.26 4.41 4.65
6- trans-Linalool oxide 0.60 0.55 0.54
7- Linalool 6.17 5.92 5.87
8- Nerol 0.44 0.53 0.51
9- Citronellol 15.62 18.26 21.95
10- Geraniol 26.51 28.18 31.39
11- Geranylformate 3.35 4.78 6.13
12- Citronelly acetate 1.44 1.55 1.56
13- Geranyl acetate 1.19 0.63 0.26
15- Ethyl decanoate 1.18 1.22 1.45
16 β-Caryophyllene 0.37 0.35 0.33
17- Dodecanol 3.72 4.26 5.79
18- Geranyl butyrate 9.99 5.80 4.60
19- Phenyl tiglate 1.74 1.67 1.62
20- 10-epic-eudesmol 8.91 8.73 8.55
21 Geranyltiglate 1.37 1.36 1.39
Total identified compounds 84.84 89.28 97.57
Effect of irrigation amounts, salicylic acid concentrations and their
interaction on actual evapotranspiration.
Examining the results of the observation in table (3) found that
there was an increase in actual water quantity consumed by planting in
the age. The applied water quantities were significantly influencing the
actual water consumption, the added water led to increasing the water
consumption by 16.1 and 45.6% respectively. However , spraying the
salicylic acid had an effective impact on water consumption , where it
Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 35 (5) 2020 69
reduced the water consumed by the plant. Spraying with a concentration
75 mg/l reduced water
consumption by 3.39,1.83 and 0.7% comparing to controlof25
and50 mg/l respectively. By studying the combined effect of both water
quantities and salicylic acid spray , it was found that spraying with
salicylic with a lack of water quantities reduced water consumption .The
lowest treatment of consumed water was that was irrigated with10m3and
spraying by concentration of 75 mg/l of salicylic acid , while the highest
treatment was of 20m3 without salicylic acid as this results agree with
Behnam Arzandi (2014), who found that salicylic acid improved the
traits and reduced the negative effect of drought stress.
Table (3): Effect of irrigation amounts, salicylic acid concentrations
and their interaction on The average actualwater
consumption of the plant during different growth stages.
Salicylic acid
concentration mg/L
Q1
(10m3/fed.)
Q2
(15m3/fed.)
Q3
(20m3/fed.)
Initial stage mm
Development
stage mm
mid stage mm
Late stage mm
Initial stage mm
Development
stage mm
mid stage mm
Late stage mm
Initial stage mm
Development
stage mm
mid stage mm
Late stage mm
0 mg/l 72.1 108.0 121.0 109.01 86.95 123.06 136.11 124.08 93.52 157.3 170.31 140.5
25mg/l 67.3 105.9 117.8 109.4 85.01 121.42 134.02 123.14 192.86 154.9 168.11 139.26
50mg/l 64.9 104.0 116.7 107.52 82.97 119.85 133.05 122.89 92.07 152.13 167.8 139.01
75mg/l 62.8 103.5 115.8 106.02 82.46 118.09 131.97 454.5 91.16 152.07 167.52 138.72
Q1=10m3/fed. , Q2=15m3/fed. andQ3=22m3/fed. Q1=10m3/fed. ,
Q2=15m3/fed. andQ3=22m3/fed.
Effect of irrigation levels, salicylic acid concentrations and their
interaction on water use efficiency.
The results breaented in table (4) showed that the water
consumptive use efficiency was decreased by increasing the applied
water quantity, while the opposite occurred with salicylic acid
concentration. The examination of the joint impact of each of salicylic
acid and water quantities revealed less treatment of the least water use
efficiency was Q3T2 (20m3 and 25mg/l salicylic acid) for the fresh
weight, while the less efficient water consumption for the oil was
Q1T1(10m3 and zero salicylic acid) . The highest treatments in the water
consumption efficiency was Q2T4 for both fresh weight and oil. Because
of the Q2T4 is the best treatment in term of water efficiency ,it saved
about 25% of water when used in the cultivation of new land, it is
permissibility in production by 16.1% . The application of the treatment
70 Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 35 (5) 2020
(Q2T4) is recommended when the planting Pelargonium graveolens
under Qantara condition
Table (4): Effect of irrigation levels, salicylic acid concentrations and
their interaction on water use efficiency.
Treatment Total Eta( mm) Total Eta( m3) WUE Fresh
weight
WUE Oil
Q1T1 411.08 1726.5 8.3983 0.0042
Q1T2 401.76 1687.4 8.7176 0.0044
Q1T3 393.99 1654.8 9.1131 0.0055
Q1T4 389.29 1635.0 9.6043 0.0067
Q2T1 470.2 1974.8 7.5348 0.0045
Q2T2 463.59 1947.1 8.5821 0.0060
Q2T3 454.5 1908.9 9.4295 0.0066
Q2T4 461.77 1939.4 9.5440 0.0076
Q3T1 565.15 2373.6 7.8599 0.0055
Q3T2 658.72 2766.6 7.3592 0.0051
Q3T3 554.08 2327.1 8.8818 0.0062
Q3T4 551.29 2315.4 9.1819 0.0074
Q1=25m3/fed., Q2=15m3/fed. ,Q3=20m3/fed.,T1=0 mg/l,T2=25mg/l,T3=50mg/l and
T4=75mg/l
CONCLUSION
The highest herb fresh weight and volatile oil yield of
Pelargonium graveolens were gradually increased with increasing of
water supply. The significantly highest parameters were obtained by
irrigation at 20 m3/fed followed by irrigation at 15 m3/fed, combined with
foliar spray with salicylic acid at the highest concentration of 75 mg/l.
When studding both the productivity, water consumption and water use
efficiency , the treatment of Q2T4(15m3 and 75mg/l salicylic acid) was
the best while it would save 25% of the water when it is used to grow
other land that would lead to 16.1% increase in productivity compared
with Q3T4(20m3 and 75mg/l salicylic acid)
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تاثیر معدلات الرى بالتنقیط وال رش بحامض السمیسمیک عمى
انتاجیة وجودة نبات العتر
(Pelargonium graveolens )
جهان جمال عبد الغنى - 1 ، وفاء حامد عبد الحمیم - 2
-1 قسم کمیاء وطبیعة ال ا رضى - مرکز بحوث الصح ا رء
-2 قسم نباتات طبیة وعطریة- مرکز بحوث الصح ا رء
تم تنفیذ التجربة فی محطة بحوث القنطرة بمرکز بحوث الصح ا رء بمحافظة شمال
2014 (. عمى نبات العتر - 2013 و 2013 - سیناء خلال الموسمین المتتالین ) 2012
11 و 20 م ، بیدف د ا رسة تأثیر ثلاثة مستویات لمری ) 10 (Pelargonium graveolens)
10 و 31 ممجم / لتر( ؛ ، 21 ، 3 / فدان( والرش بحمض السالیسیمیک فی أربعة ت ا رکیز ؛ ) 0
الوزن الطازج لمعشب / نبات ،, WUE, والتفاعل بین المعاملات عمى معدل البخر نتح الفعمى
الوزن الطازج للأعشاب / لمفدان)کجم( ، النسبة المئویة لمزیت الطیار فی العشب الطازج ،(g)
والتحمیل (l) ، ومحصول الزیت العطری / النبات ، ومحصول الزیت العطری / لمفدان
أظهرت نتائج التفاعل إنه قد تم l. plant- الکیمیائی لمزیوت الطیاره فی المواسم المتعاقبة ، . 1
الحصول عمى أعمى زیادات معنویة فى جمیع القیاسات عند الری بمقدار 20 م 3 / لمفدان ،
مع الرش الورقی بحمض السالیسیمیک بترکیز 31 ممجم / لتر وأن ىذه المعاممة أعطت أعمى
قیمو من الجی ا رنیول والسترونیممول والمذان کانا المکونین الرئیسیین لمزیت یمیو 11 م 3 / لمفدان
، مع رش الأو ا رق بحمض السالیسیمیک بترکیز 31 ممجم / لتر . بینما أقل قیمو معنویو تم
الحصول عمییا لجمیع القیاسات من خلال رى النباتات بمقدار 10 م 3 / لمفدان ، بدون رش
النباتات بحمض السالیسیمیک ؛ )کنترول(.
العتر - نظام الری بالتنقیط - کمیات المیاه Pelargonium graveolens : الکممات الدالة
. WUE- - حمض السالیسیمیک
74 Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 35 (5) 2020