RESPONSE OF GERMINATION AND SEEDLING GROWTH OF SOME VEGETABLE CROPS TO DIFFERENT LEVELS OF MAGNETIZED SALINE WATER IRRIGATION

RESPONSE OF GERMINATION AND SEEDLING GROWTH OF SOME VEGETABLE CROPS TO DIFFERENT LEVELS OF MAGNETIZED SALINE WATER IRRIGATION

Mona M. Abd El-Wanis¹ ;HebaH. Mohamed¹

andAzza M.Salama²

¹Protected Cultivation Dept., Horticulture Research Institute, Agriculture Research center

²Department of Agricultural Botany, Fac. of Agric., Cairo Univ., Giza, Egypt

Key Words: anatomy, eggplant, magnetized, pepper, saline water, tomato.

ABSTRACT

This experiment was carried out during the fall seasons of 2017 and 2018 to study the effect of magnetic and non- magnetic saline water on seed germination percentage, time required to germinate and seedling productivity of tomato, sweet pepper and eggplants and behavior of seedlings growth irrigated by different concentrations of sea water. Results showed that with the increasing of saline water concentration a significant reduction in germination percentage was observed, the contrary occurred with the time required for seed germination of the tested plants compared to control. Irrigation with magnetized water significantly increased the germination percentage and the time required of germination was decrease. In the nursery experiment, irrigate the seedlings with magnetized water significantly increased the length ofshoot and root, leaf width and number, fresh and dry weight of seedlings than those irrigated with non-magnetized water. In addition magnetized water reduced the accumulation of Na and proline and increased the leaves K, Ca and Mg contents. As a result of salinity, all the anatomical characters recorded the lowest values, especially at 3500 ppm salinity level. The application of magnetic water enhanced the anatomical characters of tomato, pepper and eggplant leaf and stem compared to plants irrigated with non magnatized water.

INTRODUCTION

Egypt is suffering from physical water scarcity. The abundance of fresh water is very limited; consequently, it is needed to rethink about the use of non-conventional water resources as a source of water for agricultural purposes (Kareem, 2015).

Agricultural production is one of the most basic elements contribute to the economic income and food security, despite the problems that accompanied such as lack of water, desertification, salinity and low yield. Salinity is the most serious water quality problem in agriculture. Water salinity is an environmental stress factor that inhibits growth and yield of different crops in many regions of the world. The impact of salinity on crop production is becoming increasingly important worldwide problem creating a pressing need for improved salt tolerant plants. Inhibitory effect of salinity on seed germination, plant growth, nutrient uptake and metabolism was mentioned by a number of scientists all over the world (Tanji,1990;Flowers and Yeo, 1995;Gaballah and Gomaa, 2004; Ali et al.,2011). The major inhibitory effect of salinity on plant growth and development has been attributed to osmotic inhibition of water availability as well as the toxic effect of salt ions responsible for salinization. Nutritional imbalance caused by such ions leads to reduction in photosynthetic efficiency and other physiological disorders (Hakim et al., 2010; Zhang and Shi, 2013). It has also been reported that under saline conditions, germination ability of seeds differ from one crop to another and even a significant variation is observed amongst the different varieties of the same crop (Jamiletal.,2006&2007).In tomato (Solanumlycopersicum L.), high concentrations of salt in the germination media significantly delays onset and reduces the rate of germination (Foolad and Lin, 1997 &1998).Also,Maggio et al., 2007 found that by increasing the salinity, the percentage and speed of the germination decreased. These problems can be remedied relatively by using magnetic water in irrigation. This treatmentbecameunderthe focus of researchers more than the otherphysical orchemicaltreatments, as provided by the purity of the environmental and health safety and easy to use.

Using magnetite (magnetic iron)in irrigation improved thesalinity tolerance of crop plantswhichaffecting plant growth, seed germination, root growth, chlorophyll content and growth of the meristematic cells (Aladjadjıyan, 2002). Hilal and Hilal(2000)reported that using saline magnetic water in irrigation is an effective method for soil desalinization throughout decreasing the hydration of salt ions and colloids that increase accelerated coagulation, salt solubility and salt crystallization. The effect of magnetic wateron seed germination wasextensively undergone in many researches, e.g. (De Souza et al., 2005on tomato), (Selimet al.,2009on pepper), (Grewal and Maheshhwari, 2011on snow pea and chickpea) and (Fatahallahet al., 2014on snap bean).

It is aimed in these studies to investigate the effect of magnetic and non-magnetic water on seed parameters, behavior of the seedlings and anatomical parameters of three important vegetable plants;i.e. tomato, sweet pepper and eggplants under saline water conditions.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

1- Germination experiment

This experiment was carried out at the laboratory of Vegetables ProtectedCultivation Department, Horticulture Research Institute, Agricultural Research center, during 2017 and 2018,to study the effect of magnetic and non- magnetic saline water on seed germination percentage and time required for germinate of tomato (Solanumlycopersicum L.cv. Sara Star), sweet pepper (Capsicum annumL.cv. Kaha 2000) and eggplants (Solanummelongena L.cv. California) irrigated bydifferent concentrations of saline water.

Water salinity was prepared by diluting the Mediterranean Sea water using the electrical conductivity meteratseven concentrations (500, 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500, 3000, and 3500 ppm).Magnetized water obtained by passing water through a permanent magnet installed on a feed pipeline (magnetic water treatment system. soften, purify, and clean merchant sku: mwts -010 which has a pulling force of over 69 lbs).

Seeds were surface-sterilized for 5 min in 75% (v/v) ethanol and rinsed 3 times with distilled water. Seeds were placed in Petri dishes on a wet filter paper and located in an incubator at the optimal germination temperature (26 °C) for 20 days. Everyeight dishesrepresent atreatment, each dish contained 25 seeds. The disheswere divided into two groups, first one irrigated with 20 ml of magnetic water in addition to thedifferent concentrations of sea water and the second group was irrigated with non- magnetic water plus thedifferent concentrations of saline water.The control treatments were irrigated with normal tap water.

This experiment was factorial with two factors distributed in randomized complete design with three replicates and included 15 treatments as follows1- Control (Tap water), 2- Non magnetized water + 500 ppm saline water,3- Non magnetized water + 1000 ppm saline water,4- Non magnetized water + 1500 ppm saline water,5- Non magnetized water + 2000 ppm saline water,6- Non magnetized water + 2500 ppm saline water, 7- Non magnetized water + 3000 ppm saline water,8- Non magnetized water + 3500 ppm saline water,9-Magnetized water + 500 ppm saline water,10-Magnetized water + 1000 ppm saline water,11- Magnetized water + 1500 ppm saline water, 12-Magnetized water + 2000 ppm saline water,13- Magnetized water + 2500 ppm saline water,14- Magnetized water + 3000 ppm saline water and15- Magnetized water + 3500 ppm saline water.

Seeds were considered germinated when the radical was at least 2 mm long (Al Harbiet al., 2008).

Data recorded

1-Number of germinated seeds was recorded eachday during the period of the germination tocount the percentage of germinated seeds at theend of experiment.

2- The germination rate (number of days requiredfor maximum germination), according to Ranal and Santana (2006).

Germination rate = (G1T1 + G2T2 +...+ GnTn) / (G1+ G2 +...+ Gn),

Where G: germination count on any counting dayand T: time.

2- Nursery experiment

This experiment was carried out at Kaha Research Farm, Horticulture ResearchInstitute, during the two successive fall seasons of 2017and 2018. The purpose of this experiment was to study theresponse of tomato, sweet pepperand eggplant seedlingsto magnetic and non- magnetic saline water. Seeds of the previous plantswere sown in the nursery, on 25^nd of July 2017and 2018 for both seasons, in foam trays (84 eyes) filled with mixture of peat moss andvermiculite (1:1 volume basis) and adequate amountsof fertilizers and fungicide, calcium carbonate wasadded to modify the mixture pH.Seedling trayswere kept under green-house conditions with allagriculture managements required for the productionof whole seedlings, except the irrigationwater which was magnetized saline water or non- magnetized saline were according to the presenttreatment.

Data recorded

A-Vegetative characters

The following characters were recorded after 45 daysof sowing:

1-      Shoot and root length (cm).

2-      Number of leaves per plantlet.

3-      Leaf area (cm²) of the 4^th – 5^th leavesfrom plant top using leaf area meter (LI-300-COR – Lincolin)

4-      Seedling fresh and dry weight (g).

B. Chemical parameters

1- Leaves were dried in an oven at 70°C till constant weightto determine chemical constituents of Na⁺, K⁺⁺ and Mg .

2- Free proline content (mg/100 g.f.w.) was determined according to the method described by Cottenieet al., (1982).

3-      Total chlorophyll content/leaf using chlorophyll meter (SPAD unit).

C. Anatomical studies

Leaf and stem samples used for the anatomical studieswere taken throughout the 2^nd growing season at the age of 45 days from planting date. The anatomical procedures were carried outaccording to Nassar and El-Sahhar(1998).Photomicrographs were taken at Botany DepartmentLaboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University.

Statistical analysis

The experimental design of thistrailwas randomized complete design with three replicates. The obtained data were statistically analyzed usingDuncan's multiple range tests at P≤0.05 level toverify differences among treatment means accordingto Snedecor and Cochran (1982).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

1- Germination experiment

Data in Table (1) revealed that saline water significantly affectedthegermination percentage and thetime of seed germination. It can be observed thatwith increasing thesaline concentration in irrigation wateroftomato (a), sweet pepper (b) and eggplant (c)significant reductions in germination percentage were occurred,whilethetime required forseed germination wasincreased. Sharpreduction wasobserved mainly at the high level of salt concentration compared to control. The irrigation with magnetized water resulted in increasing the germination percentage and the required time for seed germination was decrease compared with non magnetized water. Similar results were observed with those of Da Wei Zhang(2019) on Fabaceae.Thestudies of Mohamed and Ebead(2013) and Fatemeet al.(2016) reported that increasing the salt concentration delays the tomato seed germination. Referring to that magnetized water relatively increased the percentage and the time required for seedgermination of the studied plantsin comparison with non-magnetized water.Mahmood and Usman(2014)recorded that high germination rate may be due to effect of magnetic treatment on the amount and rate of water absorption in the seed cell membrane, in addition tothechanges occurredin ionic concentration and osmotic pressureof water, which regulates the entrance of water into the seeds, compared with the control.

Table (1): Effect of magnetic and non-magnetic saline water on germination percentage and required time for germination of tomato, pepper and eggplant seeds in 2017 and 2018 season

Values in the same column followed by the same letter(s) do not significantly differ from each other according to Duncan's multiple range test at 5% level.

2- Nursery experiment

A-Vegetative characters

Data presented in Tables (2,3,4 and 5) show that the high water salinity level significantly negatively affected all seedling growth parameters, i.e. shoot and root length, number of leaves/plant, leaf expansion, fresh and dry weights of tomato, sweet pepper and eggplant and the lowest values of these characters, were observed under 3500 ppm treatment as compared with control. These results are in agreement with the findings of Farhoudiet al. (2015) who mentioned that shoot and root length were significantly decreased with the increase of irrigation water salinity, this may be attributed to the increase in osmotic pressure around the seedling roots, which prevent water uptake and essential mineral nutrition by roots. Moreover, when plants grow under saline conditions, as soon as the new cell starts its elongation process, the excess of salts modifies the metabolic activities of the cell wall causing the deposition of various materials which limit the cell wall elasticity (Khalil and Abou Lila, 2016). Therefore,  restriction  of  water absorption and  its consequences for cellular growth and  development  is  one  of  the  most  important causes of decreased growth of stem  and root (AL-Zubaidi 2018). Moreover, Kavehet al. (2011), Bahrani and Hagh (2011) and Sonbolet al. (2013) adding that the salinity water reduces fresh and dry weight of seedling due to reduce root hair formation by increasing solute concentration in the germination environment.

Concerning the influence of magnetized water, the obtained results indicated that, under all tested saline water concentrations, irrigation with magnetized water stimulated all studied growth parameters compared with irrigation with saline water only. In other words, the magnetized water reduced the harmful effect of salinity.

The present results are completely conflicted with those obtained by Yusuf and Ogunlela(2015) and (Khalil and Abou Lila 2016) who recorded that magnetic treatments led to a remarkable increase in shoot and root length as well as number of leaves/plant and leaf area during the nursery period of tomato. Because magnetic treatments may affect phyto-hormone production causing increasing in plant growth and cell activity (Maheshwari 2009). Similar results were reported by Farhoudiet al. (2015) on soybean, Khalil and Abou Lila (2016) on Physalispubescens, Mahmood and Usman (2014) on maize and Fatemeet al. (2016) on bean.

Moreover, Hozaynet al. (2016a) stated that the reason standing behind the stimulation in growth of treated plants by magnetized water is thought to be attributed to the induction of cell metabolism. While, Ahmad et al. (2016), Yusuf et al. (2017) and Alattar(2019) mentioned that the magnetized water dissolves more nutrients because it lowers the surface tension of water; this lets more minerals be suspended in concentration. This buffers the pH and causes more minerals and nutrients to pass through the cell walls of roots which may allow roots to penetrate and grow larger.

Table (2): Effect of magnetic and non-magnetic saline water on some growth characters of tomato seedling in 2017 and 2018 season

Values in the same column followed by the same letter(s) do not significantly differ from each other according to Duncan's multiple range test at 5% level.

Table (3): Effect of magnetic and non-magnetic saline water on some growth characters of pepper seedling 2017 and 2018 season

Values in the same column followed by the same letter(s) do not significantly differ from each other according to Duncan's multiple range test at 5% level.

Table (4): Effect of magnetic and non-magnetic saline water on some growth characters of eggplant seedlings in 2017 and 2018 season

Values in the same column followed by the same letter(s) do not significantly differ from each other according to Duncan's multiple range test at 5% level.

Table (5): Effect of magnetic and non-magnetic saline water on fresh and dry weight of  tomato, pepper and eggplant seedling in 2017 and 2018 seasons.

Values in the same column followed by the same letter(s) do not significantly differ from each other according to Duncan's multiple range test at 5% level.

b. Chemical parameters

As presented in Tables (6,7 and 8), the accumulation of Na+ in seedling leaves of the tested plants increased as saline water increased. This result is in accordance with those of Mathiasjetal. (2017). The higher accumulation of Na⁺ in seedling leaves under salinity might be due to higher transpiration rate (Shawquatet al., 2014).

Table (6): Effect of magnetic and non-magnetic saline water on sodium,magnesium, chloride, calcium, potassium and prolin content in leaves of tomato seedlings in 2017 and 2018 season

Values in the same column followed by the same letter(s) do not significantly differ from each other according to Duncan's multiple range test at 5% level.

Table (7): Effect of magnetic and non-magnetic saline water on sodium, magnesium, chloride, calcium, potassium and prolin content in leaves of pepper seedlings in 2017 and 2018 season

Values in the same column followed by the same letter(s) do not significantly differ from each other according to Duncan's multiple range test at 5% level.

Table (8): Effect of magnetic and non-magnetic saline water on sodium, magnesium, chloride, calcium, potassium and prolin content in leaves of eggplant  seedlings in 2017 and 2018 season.

Values in the same column followed by the same letter(s) do not significantly differ from each other according to Duncan's multiple range test at 5% level.

Data also emphasized that K⁺, Ca⁺⁺ and Mg concentrations were significantly reduced in leaves with increasing salinity in all plants, with exception of few cases, under investigation. According to Saghiret al. (2002), the ionic stress affects plant growth by increasing Na and Cl levels in cells in response to high concentrations of NaCl, and decreased Ca, K, and Mg concentrations. This could be also attributed to the competition of Na with the K uptake, resulting in a K/Na antagonism (Hosseini and Thengane, 2007).Statistically significant differences regarding proline accumulation was determined to the control (500 ppm) application and other applications. According to the findings of our study, proline content in the previous tested plants increased with increasing salt concentration as presented in Tables (6,7 and 8 ). Similar results were reported by Haggaget al., (2018), however, free proline content can increase upon exposure of plants to drought, salinity, cold, heavy metals, or certain pathogens.

Illustration in Tables (6, 7 and 8) indicated that the irrigation of seedlings with magnetic water exhibited an increase in Ca, Mg and K contents as well as chlorophyll contents and decreased Na and proline in their leaves compared with control. Generally, increasing leaf K, Ca and Mg contents and decreasing Na content may indicate the role of magnetic water in reducing the harmful effects of salinity through solubilizing NaCl salt. Therefore, the plants do not uptake higher amounts of either Na or Cl. (Carbonellet al.,2011; Mostafa et al.,2016).

c. Anatomical studies

Leaf structure

Results in Table (9) and Fig. (1) indicate that salinity stress, especially at 3500 ppm decreased thickness of lamina, palisade and spongy tissues and mid vein, as well as length and width of main vascular bundle for tomato, pepper and eggplant leaf. Magnetic water at 2000 ppm was the most effective treatment in increasing leaf thickness of the three plants compared with tap water. Data indicate that lamina thickness recorded the highest values in eggplant treated with magnetic water at 2000 ppm by 23.0%, followed by 7% in tomato more than control. A decrease was noticed in lamina thickness of pepper by 7.9% below control. Palisade and spongy tissues in eggplant were increased over the control by 47.0 and 15.6%, respectively, whereas in tomato by 18.7 and 19.0%, respectively. In pepper, a decrease was found in thickness of palisade and spongy tissues by 17.1 and 3.8%, respectively, below plants treated with tap water. On the other hand, mid vein thickness recorded the highest increase in eggplant treated with magnetic water at 500 ppm by 15.2% over control, while in tomato and pepper an increase by 5.6 and 21.1% was recorded respectively. As well as, length and width of main vascular bundle increased in eggplant by 26.4 and 2.1% respectively, more than untreated plants. For tomato an increase in length and width for main vascular bundle by 12.8 and 12.5%, while in pepper by 5.7 and 59.5%, respectively, for this trait. These results are in harmony with Hozaynet al.(2016 b) who noticed that potato leaf treated by magnetic water was thicker in mid vein and lamina due to the increase in thickness of palisade and spongy tissues. Likewise, mid vein bundle was increased in size. Majd and Farzpourmachiani (2013) reported that leaf sections showed more compressed palisade parenchyma than control. Also, they mentioned that shoot diameter, number of vascular bundle and volume of cells of cortical parenchyma increased by magnetic field increasing.

Table (9): Anatomical characters of tomato, pepper and eggplant leaf treated with magnetic water at 2000 ppm compared with tap water during season 2017/2018.

Fig. (1): Transverse sections through the midvein of the leaf of; (A) tomato, (B) pepper and (C) eggplant as affected by magnetic water at 2000 ppm(a-c) compared with control (A-C). Details: Tri: trichomes, Up. Epi: upper epidermis, Pal: palisade, Spo: spongy, Xyl: xylem, Phl: phloem, Lo.epi: lower epidermis. (X40)

Stem structure

It is clear from Table (10) and Fig. (2) that the lowest values of stem, cortex, xylem, phloem and pith thickness of tomato, pepper and eggplant were recorded under salinity treatment. Whereas the best values of previous mentioned characters were achieved in the plants irrigated with magnetic water at 2000 ppm. Application of magnetic water at 2000 ppm increased stem diameter in tomato, pepper and eggplant by 3.7, 3.0 and 1.5% more than plants treated with tap water, respectively. Also, the thickness of cortex was increased by 11.8, 3.3 and 8.0% more than those of the control for tomato, pepper and eggplant, respectively. On the other hand, the thickness of xylem and phloem tissues was increased with application of magnetic water at 2000 ppm by 45.2 and 40.0% in tomato and by 36.3 and 6.6% in pepper, while in eggplant,they were 11.9 and 15%, respectively, over the control plant. A decrease by 20.9, 18.5 and 4.9% below the control in parenchymatous pith thick was observed with magnetic water at 2000 ppm in tomato, pepper and eggplant, respectively.Majd and Farzpourmachiani(2013)showed that treated seedlings had more vascular bundles, more diameter of xylem and more xylem tissue than control in of Viciasativa L. hypocotyl sections. Magnetic field may induce the cambium differentiation to xylem and phloem and improve the translocation of photoassimilate,(Selim and El-Nady2011)., These results confirm the conclusion of other studies in whichLensorientalis L. had more vascular xylem and cortical parenchyma compare to control when exposed to magnetic field (Shabrangi,2005).

Table (10): Anatomical characters of tomato, pepper and eggplant stem treated with magnetic water at 2000 ppmcompared with tap water during season 2017/2018.

Fig. (2): Transverse sections through the middle part of the stem of(A) tomato (B)pepper and (C)eggplant as affected by magnetic water at 2000 ppm (a-c) compared with control (A-C).Details: Tri:trichomes, Epi:epidermis, Cor: cortex, Phl:phloem, Xyl:xylem (X 40)

CONCLUSION

It could be concluded on the basis of our findings listed above,magnetized water irrigation significantly increased the percentage of germination and the time needed for germination. Irrigating seedlings with magnetized water significantly increased shoot and root length, leaf width and number, seedlings' fresh and dry weight compared to non-magnetized water irrigation. Furthermore, magnetized water reduced Na and proline accumulation and increased the content of leaves K, Ca and Mg. The use of magnetic water enhanced the anatomical characteristics of tomatoes, peppers and eggplant leaf and stem compared to those irrigated with tap water.

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استجابة الإنبات ونمو البادرات لبعض محاصیل الخضر لمستویات مختلفة من الری بالمیاه المالحة الممغنطة

منی محمد عبد الونیس¹, هبة محمد حنفی¹و عزة محمود سلامه²

¹قسم الزراعات المحمیة- معهد بحوث البساتین- مرکز البحوث الزراعیة

²قسم النبات الزراعی – کلیة الزراعة – جامعة القاهرة- جیزة- مصر

أجریت هذه التجربة خلال فصلی الخریف لعامی 2017 و 2018 لدراسة تأثیر المیاه المالحة الممغنطة وغیر الممغنطة على نسبة إنبات البذور ، والوقت اللازم لإنباتها وإنتاجیة الشتلات للطماطم والفلفل الحلو والباذنجان وسلوک نمو الشتلات المرویة بترکیزات مختلفة من میاه البحر.أظهرت النتائج أنه مع زیادة ترکیز الماء المالح لوحظ انخفاض کبیر فی نسبة الإنبات ، وحدث العکس مع الوقت اللازم لإنبات البذور للنباتات تحت الاختبار مقارنة

بالکنترول.أدى الری بالماء الممغنط إلى زیادة کبیرة فی نسبة الإنبات وقلةالوقت اللازم للإنبات.فی تجربة المشتل ، أدى ری الشتلات بالماء الممغنط إلى زیادة کبیرة فی طول کل من المجموع الخضری والجذر ، وعرض الورقة وعددها ، والوزن الطازج والجاف للشتلات عن تلک المرویة بالماء غیر الممغنط.بالإضافة إلى ذلک ، قلل الماء الممغنط من ترسیبالصودیوم و البرولین وزاد من محتویات البوتاسیوم و الکالسیوم و الماغنسیوم. وکنتیجة لاستخدام الماء المالح ، سجلت جمیع القیاسات التشریحیة أدنى القیم ، خاصة عند مستوى الملوحة 3500 جزء فی الملیون. بینما أدى تطبیق الماء الممغنط إلى زیادةالقیاسات التشریحیة لکل من أوراق وسیقان الطماطم والفلفل والباذنجان مقارنةً بالنباتات المرویة بالماء غیر الممغنط.