EFFECT OF Garciniacambogia FRUIT ON OBESE RATS

EFFECT OF Garciniacambogia FRUIT

ON OBESE RATS

Asmaa M. Abd El-Hafez ; Omnia G. Refaat and Hany G. EL-Masry

Nutrition and Food Science Department, Faculty of Home Economics,

Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt

Key Words:Garciniacambogia, hydroxycitric acid, obesity, rats.

ABSTRACT

Garciniacambogia (GC) extract and its active component hydroxycitric acid (HCA) have been used to reduce cholesterol and triglycerides. It is also available with other effects, such as improvement of glucose tolerance and of blood pressure. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of Garciniacambogia fruit powder and its water extract on obese rats. Forty two adult male albino rats (Sprague-Dawley strain), weighing about (200±10g) were divided randomly into two main groups as follow: the first group (-Ve control= 6 rats) was fed on basal diet. The second group (36 rats) was fed on high fat diet (HFD) for 4 weeks then divided equally to 6 groups from group 2 to group 7. Group 2 (+Ve control) fed on basal diet. Group 3, 4 and 5 fed on basal diet supplemented with 5%, 10% and 15% GC waterextract, respectively. Also, group 6 and 7 fed on basal diet supplemented with 5% and 10% GC powder, respectively. At the end of the experimental period (4 weeks), rats were scarified and serum was collected to determine lipid profile, glucose and leptin levels. The results showed that the body weight of rats and serum levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL-C, VLDL-C, leptin and glucose were significantly elevated (P<0.05) by HFDadministration (positive control group) compared with negative control group, while HDL-C significantly decreased (P<0.05). It was also found that supplemented diet with Garciniacambogia fruit powder and its water extract reversed these changes that caused by HFDadministration. The study recommends that intake of Garciniacambogia plant may be beneficial for patients who suffer from obesity.

INTRODUCTION

Nearly two decades ago (1997), obesity was declared a worldwide epidemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) (Dávila-Torres et al., 2015). It is considered a chronic disease that has as its main characteristic the increase of adipose tissue, which is manifested in body weight gain (Barbany and Foz, 2002).  Obesity is the result of the loss of equilibrium between the ingestion of food with a high-energy content and energetic expenditure (Rankinen and Bouchard, 2008). The increase of adipose tissue, which releases excessive amounts of free fatty acids and hormones, produces insulin resistance and promotes glucose release in liver. This tissue also produces glycerol and pro-inflammatory cytokines; the release of these compounds produces hyperglycemia (Waxman, 2004).

Among the natural supplements, herbals for the treatment of obesity, stands out the natural extract obtained from dried fruit of the tree Garciniacambogia, which is found in the forests of South India and South Asia, has been studied extensively and used as a supplement for weight loss (Ghosh, 2009 and Chuah et al., 2012).The hydroxyl citric acid or hydroxycitric acid (HCA) is extracted from the rind of the fruit. It is an organic acid considered the main active ingredient, which acts as a potential supplement to the weight control by causing the appetite suppression and reducing the body’s ability to form adipose tissue (Sethi, 2011).

Garciniacambogia extract and its active component HCA have also been used to reduce cholesterol and triglycerides. It is also available with other effects, such as improvement of glucose tolerance and of blood pressure (Clouatre et al., 2013). Unlike chemical stimulants used for weight loss, it does not act on the central nervous system and does not cause insomnia, nervousness, changes in blood pressure or heart rate and its efficiency does not decrease along the time (Krishnamoorthy et al., 2014).

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of Garciniacambogia fruit powder and its water extract on obese rats.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

1. A.    Materials:

Dried fruit of GarciniaCambogia were obtained from local herbal market from Cairo, Egypt. Casein, cellulose, choline chloride, D-L methionine, sucrose, vitamins and minerals were obtained from El-Gomhoriya Pharm, Cairo, Egypt. Forty two adult male albino rats (Sprague-Dawley strain), weighing about (200±10g) were obtained from the Farm of Experimental Animals, Helwan, Egypt.

1. B.     Methods:
   1. 1.      Preparation of the water extract of Garciniacambogia fruit:

           Boiled water 200 ml was added to different level of Garciniacambogia (GC) powder (5, 10 and 15%) in glass cups each mixture will be left to cool then filtered and kept for supplementation to basal diet.

1. 2.      Induction of obesity:

           Rats will be fed on high fat diet (HFD) containing (saturated fat 19%, soybean oil 1% to provide essential fatty acids, sucrose 10%, casein 20%, cellulose 5%, vitamin mixture 1%, salt mixture 3.5%, choline chloride 0.25% and the remainder is corn starch) for four weeks to induce obesity in rats (Min et al., 2004).

1. 3.      Diet composition and experimental animal design:

           The basal diet was formulated according to AIN-93M diet (Reeves et al., 1993). Animals (42 rats) were housed in well conditions in biological studies lab of Faculty of Home Economics. They were left for seven days as adaptation period and they were allowed to feed standard laboratory food and water. After the period of adaptation, animals were divided into two main groups, as follows: the first group (6 rats) was fed on basal diet and served as a negative control group (-Ve), the second group (36 rats) was fed on HFD (Min et al., 2004). After four weeks, this group was divided equally to six subgroups as follows:-

At the end of the experimental period (4 weeks), rats were fasted overnight before scarifying and blood samples were collected from each rat and were centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 15 min to obtain the serum for biochemical analysis.

1. 4.      Biological evaluation:

Feed intake (FI), body weight gain percent (BWG %) and feed efficiency ratios (FER) were determined according to Chapman et al., (1959) using the following equation:

BWG% =   Final body weight - Initial body weight / Initial body weight × 100

FER     =   Weight gain / Feed intake.

1. 5.      Biochemical analysis of serum:

          Serum glucose and leptin were determined according to the methods described by Trinder (1969) and Zhang et al., (1995),respectively. Aspartate aminotransaminase and alanine aminotransaminases were determined according to Young, (2001), and alkaline phosphates was determined according to Roy, (1970). Serum urea and creatinine were assayed according to Young, (2001),uric acid was determined according to Milena, (2003). Serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein cholesterol was determined according to Richmond, (1973); Wahlefeld, (1974) and Albers et al., (1983),respectively. Regarding to serum low density lipoprotein cholesterol and very low density lipoprotein cholesterol were calculated according to Fridewald et al., (1972).

6. Statistical analysis:

Results were expressed as the mean standard error ± SE. Data were statistically analyzed for variance “ANOVA” test at P ≤ (0.05) using SPSS statistical software, version 20 was used for these calculations (Armitage and Berry, 1987).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

          Chemical composition of driedGarciniacambogia fruits was recorded in Table (1) results showed that Garciniacambogia had low protein content (0.25% on dry weight basis). On the other hand, it contained high amounts of carbohydrates (66.07%), fat (20.5%), crude fiber (10.2%) and ash content (2.97%), on dry weight basis. While the moisture content was 10.60%. Data revealed that hydroxycitric acid (HCA) extracted from Garciniacambogiawas 4%. This amount of HCA of tested sample was lower than those amounts in the studies of Lewis and Neelakantan, (1965) and Soniet al., (2004) who mentioned that Garciniacambogiacontained HAC ranged 10 to 30%. The low HAC amount may be attributed to the degradation and decreasing by the conditions of importation and storage at folk medicine market.

Table (1): Chemical composition of Garciniacambogia Fruits as g/100g (dry wt. basis)

*Total carbohydrates was estimated by difference.

**HCA = hydroxycitric acid.

Results illustrated in Table (2) showed the effect of diet supplemented with Garciniacambogia (GC) on body weight, change in total body weight, feed intake (FI) and feed efficiency ratio (FER) of obese rats. Data revealed that initial body weight (IBW) significantly (P<0.05) increased in the positive control group (+ve) compared to the negative control group (-ve), while there were no significant changes among all treated groups compared to +ve control. The Final body weight (FBW) and BWG significantly increased (P<0.05) in +ve control compared to –ve control. All treated group with GC showed a significant (P<0.05) decrease in FBW and BWG% compared with +ve control. Regarding FI, +ve control was increased compared to –ve, while all treated groups with GC reduced in FI all treated groups. Results of FER showed a significant increase for +ve control compared to normal control group, while all treated group significantly lowered (P<0.05) compared with +ve control. The best result for FER and weight loss were the groups that treated with the high level of GC powder and its water extract (10% GCP and 15% GCWE).

Garcinia ameliorated FI and significantly decreased BW. These effects of HCA in Garcinia achieved by increasing release/availability of 5 hydroxytryptamine, or serotonin, also enhance serotonin uptake in the brain (Ohiaet al., 2000). Serotonin, a neurotransmitter implicated in the regulation of eating behavior, appetite control and weight management by curbing appetite, reduction of food intake and inhibiting body fat biosynthesis (Mattes and Bormann, 2000). Garcinia powder and its water extract successfully induced weight loss as shown in Table (2) these results were in agreement with(Amin et al., 2011) and (Attiaet al., 2019).

Table (2): Effect of Garciniacambogia on Body Weight Gain (BWG), Feed Intake (FI), and Feed Efficiency Ratio (FER) of Obese Rats

*Mean values are expressed as means ± SE.                                                                                                             

*Mean values at the same column with the same superscript letters are not

statistically significant at P<0.05.

*GcWE = Garciniacambogia Water Extract, GcP = Garciniacambogia

powder.

 *IBW = Initial Body Weight, FBW = Final Body Weight.

The concentrations of serum leptin and glucose were recorded in Table (3), results indicated that leptin and glucose levels in the positive control group significantly increased (P< 0.05) compared to normal group. While all treated groups with Garciniacambogia significantly (P< 0.05) decreased compared to the positive control group. It was observed that the highest improvement for leptin and glucose levels at the groups fed on 15% of Garciniacambogia water extract and 10% of Garcinia powder. It could be observed that the glucose level decreased at the end of the experiment compared with those levels. These result agreed with Kim et al., (2008) who found that rats fed GarciniaCambgia supplementation caused decrease in serum glucose of rats. Concerning leptin results were in the same line with Attia et al., (2019) who found that the administration of high fat fructose diet (HFFD) elevated the serum leptin level, as compared to normal control. These alterations were reverted by the post-administration of GarciniaCambgia (600 mg/kg body weight).

Table (3): Effect of Garciniacambogiaon Serum Leptin and Glucose  of Obese Rats

*Mean values are expressed as means ± SE.                                                                                                             

*Mean values at the same column with the same superscript letters are not statistically significant at P<0.05.

*GcWE = Garciniacambogia Water Extract, GcP = Garciniacambogiapowder.

Data in Table (4) showed the effect of GarciniaCambgia at different levels on lipid profile in rats with induced with high fat diets. Results revealed that serum TC, TG, LDL-C and VLDL-C were increased significantly (P< 0.05) in the positive control group compared to the negative control group. On the other hand, all treated groups with GC significantly decrease (P<0.05) in the mean levels of TC, TG, VLDL-C and LDL-C compared to the control positive group. Regarding serum HDL-C level, results showed a significant (P< 0.05) decrease in serum HDL-C level of the positive control group compared to the negative control group, while all treated groups with GC significantly increase (P< 0.05) compared to +ve control. The highest improvement for lipid profile was observed at the group that fed on 10% of GC which is close to the negative control.

Table (4): Effect of Garciniacambogiaon Serum Triglyceride (TG), Total Cholesterol (TC), Very Low Density Lipo- protein Cholesterol (VLDL-C), Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL-C) and High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-C), of Obese Rats

*Mean values are expressed as means ± SE.                                                                                                             

*Mean values at the same column with the same superscript letters are not statistically  significant at P<0.05.

*GcWE = Garciniacambogia Water Extract, GcP = Garciniacambogiapowder.

Results of lipid profilefor the current study were in the same line with Amin et al., (2011) who demonstrated that the treatment with GarciniaCambgia at dose (50 mg/rat/day) produced significant decrease in serum TC, TG and LDL-C levels that elevated by HFD administration compared to the positive control group. Also, Ates et al., (2012) indicated that serum HDL-C significantly elevated on day 75 by GarciniaCambgia extract administration. Furthermore, Preuss et al., (2004) reported that HCA could effectively cause fat degradation and beneficially regulate lipid profile.

The concentrations of urea and uric acid were recorded in Table (5), results indicated that urea, uric acid levels in the positive control group significantly increased (P< 0.05) compared to normal group. While all treated groups with Garciniacambogia significantly (P< 0.05) decreased compared to the positive control group. It was observed that the highest improvement for urea and uric acid and creatinine levels at the groups fed on 10%, 5% of Garciniacambogia powder.

Obesity is recently acknowledged as an important independent risk factor for kidney disease. This risk is probably explained by renal intracellular lipid accumulation (Corpeli et al., 2009). Results of serum kidney functions in the present study were in agreement with Amin et al., (2011) indicated that the treatment with Garciniacambogiasignificantly lowered serum urea and creatinine that raised by HFD compared to the positive control group.  Garciniatreatment enhances renal function as a result of HCA-SX derived from Garciniacambogia (HCA-SX, Super CitriMax) which attenuated the increased oxidative stress biomarker through reducing lipid peroxidation and declining lipid profiles and level of oxidized LDL which generally improved kidney function (Asgharet al., 2007).

Table (5): Effect of Garciniacambogiaon Urea, Uric Acid and Creatinine of Obese Rats

*Mean values are expressed as means ± SE.                                                                                                             

*Mean values at the same column with the same superscript letters are not statistically significant at P<0.05.

*GcWE = Garciniacambogia Water Extract, GcP = Garciniacambogiapowder.

As seen in Table (6), serum concentrations of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were elevated significantly (P< 0.05) in the positive control group compared with negative control group. It was observed significantly (P< 0.05) reduce in serum AST, ALT and ALP levels for all groups treated with Garciniacambogia powder and its water extract compared to the positive control group.

Table (6):Effect of Garciniacambogiaon Serum Asparta Aminotransferase (AST), Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) and Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) of Obese Rats

*Mean values are expressed as means ± SE.                                                                                                             

*Mean values at the same column with the same superscript letters are not

statistically significant at P<0.05.

*GcWE = Garciniacambogia Water Extract, GcP = Garciniacambogiapowder.

Ates et al., (2012) determined the effect of Garciniacambogia on serum liver function (ALT and AST activities) and found that there was no significant differences in serum ALT and AST levels among treated groups compared to negative control group.

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تأثیر ثمار الجارسینیا کامبوجیا على الفئران المصابة بالسمنة

أسماء محمود عبدالحافظ، أمنیة جلال رفعت، هانی جابر المصری

قسم التغذیة وعلوم الأطعمة  - کلیة الاقتصاد المنزلی - جامعة حلوان

یستخدم مستخلص جارسینیا کامبوجیا وحمض الهیدروکسی سیتریک (المرکب الفعال)  للحد من الکولیسترول والدهون الثلاثیة. کما أنه متاح مع تأثیرات أخرى ، مثل تحسین تحمل الجلوکوز وضغط الدم. کان الهدف من هذه الدراسة هو تقییم تأثیر مسحوق ثمار جارسینیا کامبوجیا ومستخلصها المائی على فئران المصابة بالسمنة. حیث أجریت الدراسة علی اثنین وأربعین فأرا من نوع الالبینو، تتراوح أوزانهم من (200 ± 10 جم) . تم تقسیم الفئران الی مجموعتین أساسیتین. المجموعة الاولی (6 فئران ) تم تغذیتهم علی الغذاء الأساسی طوال فترة التجربة  وتعتبر المجموعة الضابطة السالبة . المجموعة الثانیة (36 فأرا) تم تغذیتهم علی الغذاء عالی المحتوى من الدهون لمدة 4 أسابیع، ثم تم تقسیمها بالتساوی إلى 6 مجموعات من المجموعة 2 إلى المجموعة 7. المجموعة (2):  تم تغذیتهم علی الغذاء الأساسی  فقط وتعتبر مجموعة ضابطة موجبة. المجموعة (3) و(4) و(5) : تم تغذیتهم علی الغذاء الأساسی المحتوی علی المستخلص المائی لثمار الجارسینیا بنسبة 5% و10% و15% لکل کجم من الغذاء الأساسی، علی التوالی .  المجموعة (6) و(7) : تم تغذیتهم علی الغذاء الأساسی المحتوی علی مسحوق ثمار الجارسینیا بنسبة 5% و 10% لکل کجم من الغذاء الأساسی. استمرت التجربة لمدة أربعة أسابیع وفی نهایة فترة التجربة تم تشریح الفئران والحصول علی السیرم لاجراء التحالیل الکیمیائیة الخاصة بمستویات دهون الدم والجلوکوز واللیبتن. أظهرت النتائج أن وزن الفئران، مستویات الکولیسترول الکلی، الدهون الثلاثیة، اللیبوبروتینات منخفضة الکثافة، اللیبتن والجلوکوز ارتفعت بشکل ملحوظ فی المجموعة الضابطة الموجبة مقارنة بالمجموعة الضابطة السالبة، بینما مستوى اللیبوبروتینات مرتفعة الکثافة انخفضت بشکل ملحوظ. کما أشارت النتائج إلى أن إضافة مسحوق ثمار الجارسینیا ومستخلصها المائی عکس هذه التغیرات التی حدثت نتیجة تغذیة الفئران على الغذاء عالی المحتوى من الدهون. لذلک توصی الدراسة بأن تناول الجارسینیا قد یکون مفیدا للمرضى الذین یعانون من السمنة.

الکلمات المفتاحیة:الجارسینیا کامبوجیا، حمض الهیدروکسی سیتریک، السمنة، الفئران.